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Vol. 62 No. 3 (2026)
DOI: 10.4415/ANN_26_03_09
Original Articles
2026-07-09
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Bisphenol S-induced inflammation: a comparative insight on inflammatory pathway activation in zebrafish and rodent models

Bisphenol S and inflammatory pathway activation

Authors

Wan Nur Izzaty , Fatin Nadzirah , Danial Akmal Fuad Al’arifin , Nur Zulaikha Amlie , Evana , Faheze Paiman , Rio Risandiansyah , Razif Dasiman

Abstract

Background. Bisphenol S (BPS) is a widespread BPA substitute with emerging immunotoxicity; this review synthesizes zebrafish and rodent experimental evidence to clarify BPS‑induced inflammation.
Methods. Narrative synthesis of experimental studies in zebrafish and rodent models, focusing on molecular pathways, organ‑level effects, and exposure timing.
Results. Across models, BPS consistently activates an oxidative stress-mediated NF‑κB axis with increased ROS, lipid peroxidation, and upregulation of TNF‑α, IL‑1β, and IL‑6; chronic and developmental low‑to‑moderate exposures produced stronger inflammatory
phenotypes than acute high doses.
Conclusions. Convergent mechanistic and pathological findings strengthen the weight of evidence for BPS immunotoxicity and support targeted monitoring and controls; key research gaps include inflammasome activation, receptor mechanisms, sex differences, mixture effects, epigenetic regulation, and standardization.

Keywords: bisphenol S, inflammation, inflammatory pathway, rodent, zebrafish

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Authors

Wan Nur Izzaty - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Fatin Nadzirah - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Danial Akmal Fuad Al’arifin - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Nur Zulaikha Amlie - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Evana - Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Faheze Paiman - Egze Guppy Sdn Bhd, Batu 39, Jalan Haji Wahab, Kg Olak Lempit, 42700 Banting, Selangor, Malaysia

Rio Risandiansyah - Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Malang, Jalan Mayjen Haryono No.193, Dinoyo, Malang, 65144 East Java, Indonesia

Razif Dasiman - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright

Copyright (c) 2026 Istituto Superiore di Sanità

How to Cite
Wan Azhan, W. N. I., Zakaria, F. N., Fuad Al’arifin , D. A., Amlie, N. Z., Kamarudin, E., Paiman, F., Risandiansyah, R., & Dasiman, R. (2026). Bisphenol S-induced inflammation: a comparative insight on inflammatory pathway activation in zebrafish and rodent models: Bisphenol S and inflammatory pathway activation . Annali dell’Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 62(3), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_26_03_09
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